Healthcare - 1606 Words

Confidentiality †¦In the Medical Workplace A Written Case Brief by: SheTonya Sanders Dr. Cabrera AHPH 480 The Story Sara and Jan, who are both registered nurses at Memorial Hospital, have been friends ever since graduating nursing school 5 years ago. Memorial Hospital is a state of the art hospital with a recently adopted new technology system that allows instant retrieval of medical information and an access to a greater number of people. This â€Å"easy access† of patient information has made inter departmental referral of patients quicker and more efficient. The downside of this technology is that it does not have an incorporated internal monitoring system for patient database†¦show more content†¦Prudential Reasoning Patient’s Perspective. The infant (child to Kelly and her husband, Dan) is clearly unable to act as a moral agent. The infant is only a few days old and obviously unable to make decision making capabilities. Proxy’s Perspective. Kelly and Dan are the primary moral agents and have a crucial role in decision making for the infant. The parents are responsible for making decisions for the good of the child’s treatment, but decisions can be overridden. They are also responsible for releasing, if they choose to, the infant’s medical information. It is unknown if the parents would approve for Jan (neighbor/friend/nurse at Memorial Hospital) to view the medical chart. Without the parents signing a medical release form for another individual to view, it is morally unethical for others to view. Only the health professionals responsible for the care and treatment of the infant can and should access the chart. Jan’s Perspective. Jan has been an oncology nurse for approximately five years. Though she is new at Memorial Hospital, she is not new to patient privacy laws and HIPPA. She may be curious and worried about her neighbor’s infant, but knows she should not be viewing the infant’s chart. She is taking advantage and risking Sara’s reputation by asking to view the chart. If Jan belie ved it was acceptable to view any chart considering she is an employee of the hospital, she would haveShow MoreRelatedHealthcare And The Healthcare System Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesIt is said that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. Healthcare is an important concern for every government as people get ill, accidents happen, emergencies arise and the health institutions are needed to diagnose, manage and treat the different types of ailments or diseases that may arise. The healthcare industry is divided into several areas in order to meet the health needs of anyone and everyone. All over the world, the healthcare structures are different to accommodate specific needs of theRead MoreHealthcare Systems And The Healthcare System939 Words   |  4 PagesWith every civilian in an industrialized country there is people who get sick, and or injured. When they get injured or sick they need medical attention and healthcare. A healthcare system is defined as ‘A health system, al so sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.’ With that help usually comes with a big bill for the services providedRead MoreHealthcare Systems Of The Healthcare System Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare business comprises of various systems that focus to address the needs of clients and patients who entirely rely on the services of these facilities for prevention, treatment, and cure of diseases. Some of these systems include home health care, hospice care, and palliative care and assisted living. This paper will focus on three healthcare systems of interest and discuss the relevance of 5 Ps of healthcare marketing. Additionally, the paper will also elaborate the potential impact of theseRead MoreHealthcare Professional And The Healthcare Consumers903 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will discuss how the concept of resilience developed and recommended to imply for the healthcare professional and the healthcare consumers. Also the factors of the concept of resilience will be discussed what is the risk factors and protective factors and how the concept of resilience attributes to healthcare professionals and healthcare consumers. Resilience is the concept to used to explain after an observation was made when some children were more ‘invulnerable’ then other childrenRead MoreDifferences Between Healthcare And Healthcare952 Words   |  4 Pages The differences in healthcare from 1915 to 2015 In this year of 2015 healthcare is important to all. Being able to have access to healthcare can lead to the quality of a healthy life. If there is no access to healthcare in someone’s life it can lead death. There have been many technological changes in healthcare over the past 100years. There has been a major improvement in how healthcare is handled now a day. A few differences include the quality of care, education, equipment, medical expensesRead MoreHealthcare Systems And The Healthcare System1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe healthcare system in the developing countries is facing significant challenges. Despite the high expenditure on health, it has been noted that weak systems and facilities that do not have resources are contributing to poor health outcomes. With the challenges that are affecting the healthcare system in the developing nations, the information technology presents a good solution (Cline Luiz, 2013). The information technology has the potential to improve the healthcare system by reducing the costsRead MoreHealthcare Policy : Health And Healthcare1502 Words   |  7 PagesSimultaneously, health and healthcare policy plays a tremendous role in the quality of life of every American. Likewise, by the government constantly interceding, health and healthcare is significantly influenced by the political climate and undertakings of administrati on; therefore creating a conflictual split between republicans and democrats. Health care is regarded as a product rather than a human right shaped by policymaking. Policies establish healthcare service stipulations, which are rootedRead MoreHealthcare Access And Diagnosis Of Healthcare2530 Words   |  11 Pageshealth and healthcare being one of the most important ones. However, in today’s complex and ever changing society the controversy issue related to healthcare access and diagnosis cannot be entirely solved in isolation because there are many other sectors such as business, environment, social-economics, and education egg that would have many cause and effect relationships in determining the key explanations of health diseases or appropriate solutions. Thus, sustainability of healthcare is criticalRead MoreHealthcare Organization Study: United Healthcare1682 Words   |  7 Pages Healthcare Organization Study: A Case Study over United Healthcare Grand Canyon University- NRS-451V March 30, 2014 Healthcare Organization Study: A Case Study over United Healthcare The United Healthcare is recognized as a â€Å"Charter Medical Incorporated founded by a group of physicians and other health care professionals† in 1974 used to expand health coverage choices for clients whose commission is â€Å"helping people live healthier lives and helping to make the health system workRead MoreHealthcare Plan For Managed Healthcare Organizations1328 Words   |  6 PagesThis assignment attempts to examine the merits and demerits of managed healthcare organizations in the light of recent revelations by Linda Peeno who have exposed the unethical practices within the managed care organizations in the US. The managed care organizations operate under private insurance. The managed healthcare plan is part of the integrated healthcare system based on payment and consumer oriented. In the US healthcare system, the managed care provides the delivery services on insurance basis

Marriage And Family Play Essential Roles - 1567 Words

Jiakai Di English 101 Professor. Sangha 21 June, 2016 Back Then Marriage and family play essential roles in society, because wisdom is always passed to offsprings so that humen keep getting improved. Human are special because they think with reasons, although some are convincible some are not. In â€Å"What We Really Miss About the 1950s†, Coontz explained why people have nostalgia for 1950s however not really want to go back. In â€Å"From Marriage Market: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family†, Cahn and Carbone how women in nowadays are more free than those in old days. Present years in facts are not better times for children to grow up in because of lackness of standards, rampant and materialism. In 1950s, there were rules to be followed. Men should make living and carry the family, and women should take care of children, stay in the house and be obedient. Unlike people with â€Å"unbroken free† will now, each one was expect to do what they supposed to do instead of what they simply want to do. As result, people suffered from standards. â€Å"When Judith Wallerstein recently interviewed 100 spouses in ‘happy’ marriages, she found that only five ‘wanted a marriage like their parents’.’ The husbands ‘consciously rejected the role models provided by their fathers. The women said they could never be happy living as their mother did.† (Coontz 33) Apparently, the cage is gone, and people enjoy living in the way they like rather than the fixed way. However, as the result, freedom didn’tShow MoreRelatedThe Ultimate Goal Of Romantic Relationships978 Words   |  4 Pagesultimate goal of romantic relationships is to establish a long-term relationship culminating into marriage† (Gala Kapadia 2014). This is the belief that was instilled in me since I was a child. When I started dating, I had a few relationships that ended after a few months. My parents would continuously ask me â€Å"Why date someone if you have no intention of marrying that person?† However, I was young, marriage was the last thing on my mind. My reasoning was that if I liked the boy, and the boy liked meRead MoreShould parents assume equal responsibilities when raising a child?1330 Words   |  6 Pagesofficially be the partner of someone is through marriage. People have practiced marriage for thousands of years. Many cultures see marriage as the best method to celebrate the love of a couple until death tears them apart. â€Å"Marriage establishes and maintains family, creates and sustains the ties of kinship, and is the basis of community† (Rowe 2). Marriage is a concept bigger than ones happiness and it is the ba sic for creating a peaceful home for the family. According to Rowe, â€Å"This sense of home requiresRead MoreEssay on Peer Marriage 638 Words   |  3 PagesPeer Marriage Throughout the past generations, including my parents the family was defined as a traditional (patriarchal) relationship, where the male was the breadwinner and the female was the caretaker of the home and family. My generation has seen the materialization of what Pepper Schwartz describes a peer marriage. Peer marriage is different from the traditional marriage in four key ways: men and women regard each other as full social equals, they both have careers, the partners shareRead MoreShould Parents Assume Equal Responsibility When Raising a Child?1582 Words   |  7 Pagesofficially be the partner of someone is through marriage. People have practiced marriage for thousands of years. Many cultures see marriage as the best method to celebrate the love of a couple until death tears them apart. â€Å"Marriage establishes and maintains family, creates and sustains the ties of kinship, and is the basis of community† (Rowe 2). Marriage is a concept bigger than ones happiness and i t is the basic for creating a peaceful home for the family. â€Å"This sense of home requires the dynamic participationRead MoreEssay on The Significance of Family and Kinship671 Words   |  3 PagesThe Significance of Family and Kinship One of the most important and essential things that everyone must have in order to live a great and joyful life is family. One must follow values to be successful in life, and one must also support their family to keep that success advancing toward the future. In David W. McCurdy’s article, â€Å"Family and Kinship in Village India,† it discusses the significance of how a successful family is formed by tradition, preparation, and patience. The article describesRead MoreHow Marriage And Family Concepts Relationship Between Hinduism And Christianity Are Influenced By Laws Of Manu And Writings1679 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to talk about how marriage and family concepts or relationship in Hinduism and Christianity are influenced by Laws of Manu and Writings of Martin Luther. Martin Luther, a German monk, priest and theologian, is a great reformer in western church history. He focused his study on the necessity for salvation and stated that the rightness of God is the strong faith believers have. His writings hold against the corruption of Catholicism and at the meantime, describe his perspective in the RadicalRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children902 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The concept of divorce is entrenched in the very idea of marriage. The possibility of marriages breaking down has increased considerably with some statistics placing the rate at 50% of all marriages. Divorce is a legal term that represents the separation of two people who had previously entered into a marriage agreement. While the prevalence of divorce is astonishing, the effect these instances have on families is critical. Many of the people who are divorced have children, whom theRead MoreMarriage Is A Life And Social Family Affair845 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage Marriages are suppose to be a lifetime of commitment towards love and care amongst people, yet most marriages seem to be falling apart due to the increasing numbers of problems within the relationship whether it is lack of communication, rushing into the marriage, or focusing on the glitz and the glam of planning the perfect wedding. Does marriage always mean love? When two people make a binding commitment to spend the rest of their lives together does it always last? Marriage is a unionRead MoreThe Video, Ewe Women1708 Words   |  7 Pageson the role of women and women’s challenges in the Dzodze society. She points out that women are the primary providers for the children. Men are unreliable because of polygamy and poor finances. There is huge participation in trade by women where they sell food, clothes, handicrafts and canned goods. Each day, women cook, sweep, fetch water and wash clothes. Women rear the children whilst men play very little role. Thus, women play a very huge role in the society. Despite playing a major role, womenRead MoreThe Main Sel ling Point Of Marriage Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pages Since ancient times ,marriage has been a way of life. Throughout the centuries, men used marriage as a token of peace to stop or prevent wars as well as the only viable option for women to prosper and survive in a male dominated society. Currently, it is no longer necessary for women to marry for survival and thus the marriage is losing its appeal. Hence, the non-traditional family structures are on a rise which goes against the ingrained teachings of past generations. Therefore, old school politicians

Handwriting Free Essays

In my opinion, right-handed girls have more legible handwriting than left-handed girls. While doing my research I wanted to know if you were born with good handwriting, or if you learn that way, so I decided to look it up and help with more research (Handwriting skills for children, n.d. We will write a custom essay sample on Handwriting or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). The science behind my project is the brain and how it determines whether you are left-handed or right-handed.Judging handwriting can be helpful when you look at how they form their letters, the neatness of the writing, and how they space their letters while writing (Handwriting, July 14, 2017). Handwriting specialists look at the size of the letters, the shape, and if they slant their letters. They also look at margins, format, and line features (How an Expert Compares Handwriting, n.d.). I noticed in my project that when people where on the neat section that they wrote smaller, closser, and they also wrote darker. Also, on the regular section some people wrote bigger and more spaced out. Then on the cursive section they took a little bit longer because they did not have good education on cursive writing .The hand is made up of many bones that help make handwriting easier. There is 27 bones in just one of the human hands. There is 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones and 14 finger bones. There are held together by joints and ligaments. There are lumbricals in the hand. That includes four thin muscles that bend the metacarpophalangeal joints to extend your fingers. Did you know, that there are 17,000 touch receptors and free nerve endings in the palm of your hand. There are three bones in each of your fingers, but there are only two in your thumb. (How Does The Hand Work?, December 23, 2016) Here are a couple of facts about the brain, and which part controls handwriting. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that controls handwriting, it also controls speech, emotions, vision, and touch. Did you know, the right hemisphere of the brain is dominant to the left side of the body and the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant to the right side of the body? Which means when left-handed people write it is the right side of the brain, and vise versa for right-handed people. There is a chance of about 26% that a child will become left-handed if both parents are? 8.6% of women are left-handed in the world (Handedness and the Brain, n.d.). In conclusion, the science behind my project is how the brain controls handwriting. 90% of the world is right handed and only 10% of the world is left-handed. Hand specialist look at many things while looking at people’s writing. Did you know, they even made a day for left-handed people? Doing this project has taught me a lot about left-handed supplies and other interesting things. In my project, I can conclude that right-handed girls have better handwriting than left-handed girls. How to cite Handwriting, Papers

Introduction to Human Services Essay Example For Students

Introduction to Human Services Essay Introduction to Human ServicesJeffrey, A Human Services Professional is someone who is a facilitatorfor someone who is not able or not yet able to deal with issues in a healthy way. I am taking classes so that I can learn how to best help empower people changetheir situation by believing in themselves. I believe that people have theanswers within themselves, but may need help getting in touch with theirspiritual or intuitive self. As human services providers, we hopefully striveto model healthy behavior, including the fact that we are human, need supportfrom our peers, and can make mistakes.When a client is ready, we educate them to give them an idea of what isdestructive behavior, bring to their attention possible consequences of theiractions, and suggest ideas or alternatives. Usually a client already knows allthis, they just never knew a better way or thought their way of dealing withlife was normal. I work on accepting each person where they are in their life,which takes strength. I may be saying in my mind, Cant you see your way outof the prison youre in?, but then I remember that I used to be in the sameplace, and it took years to find my way out. I still struggle with my addiction,and it still affects me, just not so profoundly.What I would like to do is work with teenagers. As a teenager, I wasbefriended by a Young Life leader. He was a man in his 40s and didnt wantanything from me but to be my friend. When I drank beer at lunch, he didnttell me to not drink. I dont remember his words so much as the feeling I gotwhen we were together. He was like a father/friend to me. He seemed to careabout me unconditionally. He looked at me like a real human person, which mademe uncomfortable, which now looking back, was probably because I wasnt used tothat. My own father lived in the same house with me, but he was not emotionallyavailable to me. My own father seemed to think that all women are good for issex and housekeeping. That scares me when I think of that now. My firsthusband thought of me only as good for sex, baby making, and housekeeping. I amgrateful that I have wised up since then. My passion is to work in the alternative schools as a tutor or mentor,to help give kids some kind of an idea what life can be about. I may not seeresults right away, but I do believe that being there for kids is aninvestment. They may not realize until years later as I did, that someone had apositive affect on their lives. 2One of my coworkers from Vietnam told methat in her country, the prisoners work for their food. I thought to myself, asI am sure many people have before, that we should try that here in this country. I do not think that sitting in prison really helps anybody. I have heard thatthere are work camps where the inmates learn a skill or trade so that when theinmates are released into society, they at least have marketable job skillsworking in their favor. I think community service should be required as an alternative to jailor prison in some cases. Picking up garbage may seem demeaning, but I know of acity employee who makes a good salary picking up garbage around my neighborhood. Maybe if the people who threw the garbage on the ground had to pick it up, theywould care. Taking classes, GED or college, is popular in prison also. I have afriend who learned computer skills in prison and is now working toward a degreein computer engineering. He is grateful he had the opportunity to take collegeclasses in prison, otherwise he may have never found out how much he enjoysprogramming computers. It seems to help his self esteem, because he seemsgifted in this area and people often ask for his help and advice concerningcomputers. I suppose that providing housing for convicted criminals would not costmore than incarceration. It does not seem that imprisonment is much of adeterrent to crime. A Settlement House may seem idealistic, but is morefeasible than some may think. Sex offenders are often released into thecommunity. A new program has been implemented in which parole officers andpolice officers regularly visit released offenders. A step in the rightdirection was made when our community invited a psychologist from a sex offendertreatment facility to educate us about this population, rather than ignoring theproblem and hoping it will go away. The psychologist told us that seriousoffenders are psychopathic; they do not know and do not care what is right andwrong, nor do they care who they hurt. They have no feelings or emotions. Evenso, I do not think that terrorizing or intimidating released sex offenders, as Ihave heard of in some cities, helps anybody. I think many criminals would be better off with the awareness andsupport of the community. It is often difficult for former prison inmates tofind shelter, and a transitional community setting may help resolve manyproblems. I have wondered if support from the community would help someoffenders. Sometimes people fall into addictions because of something missingin his or her life. If we combine resources of therapy, job training,supervision, and community involvement, maybe we would see some positive changes. Arabian Nights EssayMarriage and family counselors are more acceptable now than when I wasgrowing up. It used to be that people would be ashamed to admit they were eventhinking about counseling, where now I here people almost bragging about it learning to communicate with your family, if you did not grow up freelyexpressing your thoughts, feels wonderful. I plan to learn more about my field before I call myself a specialist. Being able to work with teenagers will probably require me to be a specialist inseveral fields, including juvenile, domestic violence and chemical dependency. My goal is to receive a well rounded education. From the creativity and insightof teenagers to the wisdom and insight of senior citizens, my horizons arebroadened when I converse with people from different backgrounds. Whether weare advocates, educators, or directors, we are each trained to use ourindividual talents to create a functional system of human service workers. 7Get a job!Permanent birth control now mandated for every woman on the dole! Iadmit, sometimes these thoughts cross my mind. But I am also one of these women. What began as my American Dream ended as quickly as it began. My husband wasin the Navy. I thought I would live a life of adventure, see new places, meetnew people. What really happened is that I ended up on an isolated militarybase, with a man who didnt really care about me or his child. Being that Ihave felt the need for independence from a man, I do not think there are anysimple solutions such as stay married, or get a job. In my opinion it isunfair to ask a mother of a baby to go to work and put her baby in a daycare. Ithink children should be four or five years of age before put in daycare. Many populations are in need of assistance. Sometimes I envy the womenwho live in ( ). They drive Mazda Minivans, take up hobbies, anddont need to work. Sometimes I wonder how many are unhappily trapped in thatlife. They know they could be one day away from losing their children, theirhome, everything. When I think of drastic welfare reform, what scares me is thecontrol someone can have over you when he knows that without him, you havenothing. I consider myself a capitalist, but I cant but help think about CEOswho make salaries in the millions. And about disabled people who live on a fewhundred a month. I think opportunities for education should be funded. Without education,many people have no marketable skills to earn an adequate living. 10Its not just a job, its an adventure! In a job youll get burned out. If youfind a career you love, you will use a lot of energy, but the rewards will keepyou motivated.At the public library, there are many books to give you ideasand help you decide on a career. I found a group of books in the CommunityCollege Library issued by the US Department of Labor in which the authorsuggests listing a few things you would be interested in doing as a career. Ialso found a set of four books called Encyclopedia of Careers and VocationalGuidance. Then decide which ideas would be a practical for you to earn a living. If you have a gift or ability, it feels good to use it to help people. Volunteering is a good way to find out where your talents lie. I have beenfortunate enough to have had the opportunity to be employed as a work-studystudent by several departments on my college campus. I found out by on the jobexperience what I love to do. Is it possible to go to school or receive on thejob training? Sometimes where there is a will, there is a way. I know somepeople who manage apartments, therefore do not need to pay rent for a place tolive. They receive financial aid and food stamps while they are in school. What some people do is find out which professions are in demand, or willbe in the future. These trends can be found in publications such as governmentstatistical manuals. If there is something you think you would like to explore, maybe you couldtalk to people who are willing to take the time to explain how they carry outtheir responsibilities for their work. Bring a list of questions so the personyou are interviewing has an idea of what specific aspects of their career youare curious about. People who are happy with their careers are usually quitewilling to talk about themselves in this way. I know someone who owns his ownbusiness. He began as a backyard mechanic and now ten years later runs a verysuccessful auto repair shop. For him it means long hours, but he is very proudof his accomplishments. He says there is nothing like being your own boss. Social Issues

Beyond The Chocolate War essays

Beyond The Chocolate War essays Beyond The Chocolate War, a novel written by Robert Cormier is the compelling sequel to The Chocolate War. Robert Cormier is a successful writer who pictures the typical lives of everyday people with extraordinary talent. He is also the author of After The First Death the set novel for year 10 this year. As the names suggest, these books revolve around the same classification: conflict however these are not your common books about pure physical war and battle but it adresses the other side of conflict - the thoughts racing though the characters minds. He very carefully nurtures the plot and story through not only the actions but the thinking of people to build up to a complex climax. The genre of Beyond The Chocolate War is a psychological thriller that deals with the darker side side of human nature. The novel considers real life situations exaggerated for more effect is a very psychological manner. The dilemmas and predicaments experienced by the many characters in the story are expressed via the battle with their own mind, their decisions and the outcomes of their decisions afterwards. There are many themes in Beyond The Chocolate War that all contribute to the composition on the story. Relationships, sexual desires, fighting, revenge, murder, rape, assault, anxiety/distress/trouble (very much so), rebellion, suicide, school values, secret societies and authority. The were numerous examples of relationships and sexual desires with the main character (Obie) having a girlfriend and other people lusting after her. Fighting was not used much - like brain over brawn although there were some fights involving physical violence and injury between students. The strong jocks and students who had built stature's were made to be in a lesser class, easily manipulated and "dopey" despite their physique. The plot of the story was also largely based on revenge with many of the characters devising devious plans as vengeance against one of the ...

Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks

Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks Introduction The use, storage, and handling of flammable liquids or chemicals require appropriate measures to protect people from fires or explosions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Experience has proven that poor safety practices when handling combustible or flammable liquids can be a major cause of explosions or fires that can cause injuries and at times death (Hildebrand and Gregory 21). Important terms Before looking at this subject, one must know various important terms relating to the subject. The flash point of a liquid describes the lowest temperature at which the liquid generates enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air close to the liquid’s surface (NFPA 6s of these industries include but not limited to power plants, oil refineries as well as car manufacturing plants. Most of this facilities store their flammable liquids in atmospheric storage tanks. The sizes of these tanks may vary with some having a diameter as large as 350 feet and capable of holding quantities exceeding 1.5 million barrels of liquid (Hildebrand and Gregory 18). The classification of storage tanks is mainly based on the type of roofs that they have. There are several types of storage tank that may include; internal (covered) floating roof, domed external floating roof and open top floating roof (Crawford 25). While choosing a storage tank several things are considered including the location as well as the liquid that will be stored in the tank. For those liquids that are flammable, it is advised that they be stored in large cone roof tanks. If this is not possible, they may be stored in underground tanks or tanks that are lowly pressurized. Flammable liquids are mainly stored in internal floating roof tanks or open top floating roof tanks when in large quantities and in small low-pressure horizontal or vertical tanks and underground tanks (Shelley 63).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Open-top floating roof tanks These types of tanks are those that are used and have no fixed roof. Their roof is made to float on the liquid in the tank and the roof can rise or fall according to the level of the flammable liquid in the storage tank. â€Å"The tanks are fitted with rim seals to prevent vapors from escaping to the atmosphere† (Hildebrand and Gregory 33). Internal floating roof tanks These types of tanks are made having two roofs where one is a permanent roof and the other is a floating roof. Internal floating roof tanks are usually equipped with vertical supports for the permanent roof (Hildebrand and Gregory 33). Just like the open –top floating roof the internal roof will float on the liquid and will ri se and fall as the level of the liquid in the storage tank changes. This roof will usually float on pontoons and other times it will be fixed with a double deck that helps it to float on the liquid. In order to allow the space between the two roofs to breathe, the fixed roof is usually constructed with air vents. These vents are fitted since the vapor space of the fixed roof is considered lower than the flammable limits (Shelley 64). In the attempt to avoid fumes escaping from the tank, seals are fitted in the rim seal spaces of the tank. The internal floating tanks are mostly used to store liquids that are very flammable such as petrol. Fixed roof tanks These are vertical cylindrical structures made of steel and have a permanent attached roof (Shelley 64). In industries that mostly deal with petrol the roofs are cone shaped and this gives them their name fixed cone roof tanks. In fixed roof tanks, the roof is usually slightly domed or flat to allow a vapor space between the under side of the roof and the surface of the liquid and to prevent the accumulation of water (NFPA 7-16).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the construction of the tanks, API standards are followed and the tanks are fitted with a weak roof that helps to shell seam. This allows the roof and the main structure shell to separate in case of internal over pressure arising from explosion or other situations. Storage tank fire: Causes and Prevention Every year there are very many cases of storage tank fires in the world. The causes of this fire can be as a result of human errors, inappropriate safety policies or simple design errors. The following section presents various causes of storage fires and the appropriate suppression, prevention techniques. Overfill fires These fires occur above ground in the dike surrounding the storage tank due to leakages in the pipe or tanks (Crawford 33). These types of fires can occur on any storage tank that is above the ground. Most of these fires are caused by operators’ errors and at times the malfunction of equipment or both. This leads into the spillage of the flammable or com bustible liquid into the dike above ground. It is important to identify the source of the spillage and isolate all source of ignition from the spillage in order to prevent overfill ignition. An example of overspill fires is the Buncefield oil depot fire that occurred in December 11, 2005 in Hertfordshire, UK (Crawford 35). The oil depot was struck by lightning leading to the malfunction of the safety system responsible for stopping the flow of unleaded gasoline into the storage tank. Over 300 tons of gasoline overflowed from the tanks and began filling the containment dike. Finally, the vapor cloud from the spill flowed over the dyke and spread to surrounding areas in the facility. Sometime later, an explosion originated from a nearby car park and spread quickly to other areas of the facility and finally reaching the dikes. It took over five days for the fire to be extinguished completely. Vent fires These are the types of fires resulting from the ignition of fugitive vapors exiti ng tank vents, mainly during tank filling (Hildebrand and Gregory 35). In most cases, the fires usually are as a result of lightning but can also be caused by static discharge, electrical arcing and human activities near the location of the tank. Vent fires can occur in any type of storage space tanks apart from external suspended-roof tanks, which do not hold any vents. In order to prevent static discharge in the storage tanks, API standards have been developed to identify the correct conditions and flow rates. Another way of suppressing vent fires is through ensuring that the tanks are relatively safe from lightning from applying lightning protectors as per NFPA guidelines (NAFP 20-217) and that any human activities near the tanks are closely monitored. Rim-Seal Fires In floating roof tanks, especially external floating roof tanks, the most common types of fires are rim-seal fires. According to studies, 95% of all rim-seal fires are as a result of lightning strikes. Studies also claim that during any one year, 0.16% of all tanks fitted with rim seals will suffer a rim seal fire. According to NFPA 780, one of the main methods of preventing rim seal fires is through the installation of roof shunts that enable the dissipation of energy from lightning strikes and thus prevent fires (12). Recent studies have also shown that rim-seal fires can be mitigated by ensuring that tight-fitting seals (both primary and secondary) have been installed and are effective in restricting the escape of vapors from the tanks. These fires can also be mitigated by ensuring the submerged grounding cables are in place to connect the storage tank shell and the roof. It is also important to install monitoring systems and other fire fighting systems to detect rim fires and to allow rapid response when dealing with these fires (Ritchie 6). Full Surface fires These types of fires occur when the entire surface of the liquid in the storage tank is on fire (Hildebrand and Gregory 37). Ful l surface fires can exist either as obstructed full surface fires or as unobstructed full-surface fire. â€Å"Obstructed full –surface fires are those fires that have the roof or pan blocking access to the burning part† (Hildebrand and Gregory 38). These types of fires usually occur due to sinking of the roof or the pan. Roof sinking may arise due to several factors. First, sinking may occur due to accumulation of rain on the roof exceeding the design standards for the tank. Secondly, sinking may also occur when the pontoon is filled with the contents of the tank mainly due to corrosion or other failure. Finally, sinking may also take place due to inappropriate use of firefighting materials during a rim-seal fire, resulting in the sinking of the roof. Full surface fires can be suppressed using regular inspection programs. The main of these inspection programs is to identify pontoon failure and drain plugging as per API 653 standards. Unhindered full surface fires occur when there is a free admittance to the entire tank surface (Hildebrand and Gregory 38). These types of fires usually take place in fixed roof tanks that do not have pans (internal roofs). In these types of fires, the weak weld between the roof and the shell is broken and the roof separated from the shell mainly as a result of a particular incident. The fires may also be experienced in external floating roof tanks, where the design capacity of the storage tank may be overwhelmed by heavy rains. For tanks smaller than 45m, unobstructed full-surface fires are usually extinguished easily provided there are enough resources such as foam and water (Ritchie 7). For tanks larger than 45 meters, these fires may prove to be a problem and are usually quite difficult to manage mainly due to the large resources needed. According to Crawford (49), â€Å"the largest successfully extinguished full surface fire took place on 8th June 2001 in Norco, Louisiana.† A tank with a 325,000-barrel ca pacity, 82m in diameter and 10 meters high was struck by lightning and its contents ignited. The blaze was put out within 65 minutes of repression doings at the end of a 13-hour ordeal. The fire required 50% more water than the Burchfield site fire disaster. Fire risk mitigation The risk of storage tank fires is impossible to eliminate however, it can be greatly reduced through proper design, operation, and maintenance practices. Carrying out appropriate inspections as per the API 653 standards is important in recognizing design and maintenance issues with existing tanks (Shelley 68). API 653 details three main types of inspections: Monthly routine in-service inspections, formal in-service external inspections and out-of-service internal inspections. Monthly routine in-service inspections involves a visual inspection of tanks and exterior surfaces so as to identify shell distortions, evidence of leaks, paint coating, foundation condition, settlement, corrosion and the nature of insu lation system (Shelley 68). Formal in-service external inspections one the other hand are hand are compulsory checks carried out after every five years or sooner should the remaining corrosion allowance be less than 20 years. â€Å"If the corrosion allowance is less than 20 years, inspection must be carried out at a time period that is one quarter of the remaining estimated tank life† (Ritchie 8). This inspection mainly focuses on the fire protection system utilized, roof, access structure, shell appurtenances, dike, foundation, wind girder, and internal floating deck. The condition and operating capacity of these elements are assessed and a report is prepared as to their effectiveness and level of safety. The final type of inspections is the out-of-service internal inspections. These kinds of check should be carried out in a minimum of once in 20 years except a risk based check has been placed or at a sector of the storage tank remaining life. If a corrosion rate for the tan ks has not been identified, the inspections should be carried out every 10 years (API 86). â€Å"In order to undertake these inspections, the tanks must be emptied and cleaned† (API 87). Apart from visual inspection, a combination of ultrasonic thickness, magnetic flux, and leak testing is also applied. The main purpose of this inspection is to confirm the continued integrity of the tank through verifying that the bottom of the tank has acceptable levels of corrosion, gathering data for minimum shell and bottom thickness evaluations, and identification and evaluation of any settlement in the bottom of the tank. Apart from these, this evaluation also seeks to inspect the roof and the interior shell walls for localized pitting and general corrosion. In pontoons are present in the tank, they are inspected to evaluate them for corrosion and fracture that may lead to failure. Apart from safety controls installed in storage tanks, the use of effective inspection techniques is the m ost effective means of suppressing flammable and combustible liquids in storage tanks. Inspection enables the identification of anomalies before they escalate into major problems that may lead to catastrophic failure. Conclusion The storage of flammable and combustible liquids brings with it the inherent risk of explosion and fire hazards. There are three classes of both flammable and combustible liquids. These classes mainly determine the type of storage facilities to be used for storing these liquids. When storing flammable liquids there are various storage tanks designs that may be adopted. Each type of storage tank is prone to specific type of fire risk with some risks being shared across the full spectrum of the tanks. Using various standards such as NASP, various design, inspection, and maintenance practices have been developed to reduce the risk of fire or explosion in storage tanks. Researchers and scientists have also developed various fire fighting equipments and system th at are meant to ensure that the flammable and combustible liquids are safely contained. By identifying the type of fire common in storage tanks, one can chose the best prevention and suppression technique from a list of many methods. This will ensure that damage is kept to a minimum should the worst ever happen.  The most important suppression technique is proper inspection as per the laid down standards. Proper inspection ensures that all the information about the storage tank is continuously evaluated and that subtle changes can be made as required before small problems escalate to massive disasters causing loss of money and at times lives. Suppression and prevention of fires is important when dealing with flammable and combustible liquids is very important. It should be well planned in any industry or setting that contains storage tanks for these liquids. Having a suitable suppression system that is based in NASP guidelines can be crucial in deciding the outcomes of a particula r event in large companies or industries that are connected with storage of combustible and flammable liquids. American Petroleum Institute (API). Prevention and Suppression of Fires in Large  Above Ground Atmospheric Storage Tanks. Washington DC: API, 2006 Crawford, Edward. Tank Fire Suppression/Tank Overfill Prevention. Washington:  American Petroleum Institute, 2008. Hildebrand, M and Gregory Noll. Storage Tanks Emergencies: Guidelines and  Procedures. Anapolis, MD: Red Hat, 1997. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Fire Protection Handbook. 20th ed. Quincy,  MA: NFPA, 2008 Ritchie, Ray. â€Å"Preventing Storage Tank Fires†. Hydrocarbon Processing. November  (2009): 5-11 Shelley, Craig. â€Å"Storage Tank Fires: Is your Department Prepared†. Fire Engineering,  11.2 (1998): 63-69

The Impact of Unemployment on the Economy Term Paper

The Impact of Unemployment on the Economy - Term Paper Example The success of a business relies on not only the own particular market and its own decisions but also the macroeconomic environment it operates within. The macroeconomic environment has a direct effect on the profitability and success of a business. This paper aims at dealing with one of the essential aspects of the macroeconomic environment of business, i.e. unemployment. This paper will deal with unemployment in detail and will include aspects like the meaning of unemployment, and the costs of unemployment. Also, a focus will be on the labor markets and unemployment. The study will also touch upon the two main types of unemployment, i.e. Disequilibrium unemployment and Equilibrium unemployment. Here an attempt will be made to explain the two types of unemployment and the various subcategories of these will also be touched upon. However, before moving on, it is essential to understand the meaning of a few terms like labor force, number unemployed, unemployment rate, and unemployment . Claimant Unemployment: This refers to the people who receive unemployment-related benefits (Sloman and Sutcliffe). This mainly measures all those who receive the unemployment-related benefits and claim the benefits to cover their expenses until they have a job. Standardized Unemployment Rate: This is an unemployment rate that is used by the International Labor Organization and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Sloman and Sutcliffe). Here unemployed refers to people of the working age and who are without work. b) Costs of unemployment: Unemployment leads to numerous costs and these costs do not only influence the person unemployed but others as well. There are three main costs that are involved with unemployment are as follows: i) The first and most obvious costs involved are that incurred by the unemployed themselves.